Abstract: The world is in a new era of rapid development of science and technology revolution and industrial change. Agricultural science and technology innovation is changing rapidly, which poses unprecedented challenges to agricultural science and technology in China. Based on the strategic demand of accelerating the self-reliance of agricultural science and technology in the new stage, this paper analyzed the connotation and characteristics of agricultural modernization, discussed the major challenges, and provided some scientific and technological engineering construction suggestions for the agricultural science and technology independence and self-reliance deployment. Results show that agricultural science and technology modernization is in the strategic core position of agricultural modernization and rural modernization. Facing the major challenge of ensuring food security in the post-pandemic era, China needs to invest more on the basic research of agriculture, to improve the original innovation ability of agriculture, to break through the core technology of biological breeding, to forge a great power in modern seed industry science and technology, to break through the key technologies of intelligent agriculture, to build a powerful country of digital agricultural science and technology, to break through the key technologies of green agriculture, and to construct the ecological safety agricultural technology system, and to break through the food industry technology and building the nutritious and health agricultural technology system. Thus, the suggestions include: improving the policy guarantee system of agricultural science and technology innovation, encouraging the input intensity of agricultural science and technology innovation, cultivating and supporting agricultural innovation enterprises, strengthening the talent construction in agricultural science and technology, accelerating the application of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, increasing the deployment and construction of strategic scientific and technological forces of national agricultural industry, and restructuring the national modern agricultural science and technology innovation system.