Abstract: Based on the data of grain planting area, grain production, rice planting area and rice production of Jiangxi Province during 1990-2011 and with the help of GIS technology, this paper quantitatively analyzed the provincial comparative advantages of rice production, and then discussed the spatial and temporal change characteristics of rice production at the city level in Jiangxi Province. Results show that: 1) Both the aggregated and scale comparative advantage indices were high, showing a significant advantage of rice production in Jiangxi Province; However, the corresponding efficiency comparative advantage index were relatively low; and the three indices generally showed a slowly increasing trend. 2) The comprehensive gaps among the average-scale comparative advantage, efficiency comparative advantage and aggregated comparative advantage were narrowed. Among them, the scale comparative advantage displayed upward and eastward changing trend with a low efficiency comparative advantage. 3) Rice planting area in Jiangxi fluctuated in a W-shape manner with an overall increasing trend during 1990-2011. Spatially, the decline of rice planting area was found in two cities, Jingdezhen and Jiujiang with a reduction ratio of 18.18%; While other cities such as Shangrao, Ji’an and Fuzhou increased their rice areas significantly. 4) Both the per-unit area yield of rice and total rice production varied dramatically in a zigzag manner with a general increasing trend. Spatially, the cities such as Nanchang, Shangrao and Ji’an served as the key regions for enhancing rice production in this province.