Abstract: The year 2013 has marked the 10th consecutive annual growth of China’s grain production and farmers’ income, but China’s grain production still faces many challenges, including agricultural comparative benefits continue to drop; a great number of young and middle-aged rural labors are not willing to farm; new rural migrants have low willingness to return home for farming, rural-urban migration of rural labors seems irreversible; extensive agricultural management and abandoned land exist; environmental pollution are becoming prominent; and resource constraints continue to increase. Meanwhile, agricultural import increases every year, agricultural trade deficit remains high, and pressure of agricultural supply balance becomes intensive. This paper suggests: 1) to continuously strengthen the scientific and technological support for the development of modern agriculture to activate endogenous agricultural growth; 2) to keep people-oriented policies by training more new professional farmers, speeding up the construction of new agricultural management system, and fully inspiring the potential of agricultural production; 3) to devote major efforts to promote sustainable development of agriculture; and 4) to encourage innovations in the development of modern agriculture.