Abstract: Exploring the influencing factors of the adoption of the conservation tillage technology by rice farms is of great significance of encouraging the popularization and application of conservation tillage technology, increasing farmers' income, promoting the sustainable development of agriculture, and ensuring the food safety in China. Based on the survey data of small rice farms in Hubei Province and large scale rice farms in Jiangsu Province, using the Bivariate Probit model this paper analyzed the influencing factors of the adoption of the conservation tillage technology by two types of rice farms and their similarities and differences. Results show that 1) factors affecting small rice farms to adopt the conservation tillage technology are farmers’ gender, level of education, family population, family income per head, the existing house value, and whether to participate in agricultural technology training; 2) factors affecting large scale rice farms to adopt the conservation tillage technology are farmers’ level of education, rice planting area, family income per head, whether to provide mechanical subsidy, whether to participate in agricultural technology training, and land circulation; 3) the level of education, family income per head, and whether to participate in agricultural technology training are the common influencing factors for both types; while household head gender, family population, the existing house value only affect small rice farms and rice planting area, whether to provide mechanical subsidy, land circulation only affect large scale farms. This research provides the following policy suggestions: 1) to improve the level of education of both types of rice farmers, 2) to promote the participation in agricultural technology training for both types of rice farmers; 3) to target the male rice farmers as the priority in the promotion of conservation tillage technology adoption for those small rice farms; 4) to provide agricultural machinery subsidies to large rice farms; and 5) to carefully promote rural land circulation.