Abstract: Enhancing the resilience of grain supply chains in major production regions is crucial for coordinating regional food security with agricultural modernization. This study constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system based on the “production-circulation-sales” framework. Using the entropy method, spatial autocorrelation, and kernel density estimation, this paper analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution of supply chain resilience across major production regions during 2010-2023, while the obstacle degree and Tobit models identify structural and level-based influencing factors. Key results show: 1) overall resilience exhibits a fluctuating upward trend with a clear regional hierarchy (Huang-Huai-Hai > Northeast > Mid-downstream Yangtze River); 2) spatial gradient differentiation has intensified, with significant positive spatial autocorrelation and widening interprovincial disparities; and 3) low self-sufficiency and delays in quality improvement are the primary constraints on resilience, whereas economic development, rural informatization, agricultural insurance, and industrial agglomeration significantly enhance resilience, in contrast to the negative effects of rising temperatures, urbanization, and population aging. Based on these findings, the study recommends implementing differentiated regional resilience strategies, optimizing spatial coordination mechanisms, addressing critical bottlenecks, and strengthening key supportive factors.