Abstract: Digitalization of agricultural product circulation is an important driving force for achieving rural common prosperity. Based on panel data for 30 Chinese provinces from 2010 to 2023, this study constructs comprehensive indicator systems for the digitalization of agricultural product circulation and rural common prosperity, and employs the coupling coordination degree model, the Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, Markov chains, β-convergence tests, and an obstacle factor diagnostic model to systematically examine the spatiotemporal characteristics, regional disparities, dynamic evolution, and key constraints of their coordinated development. The results indicate that: 1) the national coupling coordination level has generally improved, but it exhibits a pronounced regional gradient and phased differentiation. The eastern region has long maintained a leading position, with widening intraregional disparities, while the central and western regions have improved from a relatively low base yet continue to face structural constraints. 2) The evolution of coupling coordination shows significant spatial dependence. Proximity to high-level regions increases the likelihood of local upgrading. At the same time, club convergence coexists with path dependence, suggesting that regional coordinated improvement does not spread automatically. 3) Obstacle factors have undergone a staged transition. The key constraints on coordinated improvement have gradually shifted from early limitations in digital accessibility, information infrastructure, and poverty alleviation outcomes to constraints in public service provision and social security in the middle and later stages. 4) With regard to policy implications, differentiated regional strategies and coordinated factor allocation should be implemented. Priority should be given to strengthening logistics and digital infrastructure in less-developed areas, promoting the diffusion of platform capabilities, and improving the precision and effectiveness of public investment, thereby narrowing the regional digital divide and enhancing the inclusiveness and shared benefits of the digital dividend.