Abstract: Digital capabilities offer a novel pathway for promoting farmers’ adoption of green production technologies and play a crucial role in advancing high-quality, sustainable agricultural development. Based on survey data from 2,477 farmers in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River region, this study constructs a digital capability index system encompassing three dimensions: digital access, digital use, and digital creation. Employing the Probit, the Ordered Probit, and the mediation effect models, this paper empirically examine how digital capabilities influence farmers’ adoption of green production technologies. Results show that: 1) digital capabilities significantly enhance both the likelihood and the extent of green technology adoption. A one-unit increase in farmers’ digital capabilities raises the probability of adoption by 29.3%. Notably, digital creation capabilities exert a stronger effect on adoption behavior, whereas digital use capabilities primarily improve adoption intensity; 2) heterogeneity analysis reveals that the positive effect of digital capabilities is more pronounced among farmers growing cash crops, those with higher income levels, and large-scale operators; and 3) mechanism analysis demonstrates that digital capabilities facilitate adoption by strengthening farmers’ technical awareness, enhancing their risk mitigation capacity, and fostering professional development. This study provides micro-level empirical evidence on how digital capabilities shape green technology adoption, contributing to the broader literature on agricultural green development. The findings offer practical policy insights for promoting sustainable farming practices.