Abstract: The development of agricultural productive services is an important way to integrate ordinary farmers into the the trajectory of modern agricultural development and an effective means of improving agricultural efficiency and increasing farmers’ income. Based on data from the 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey (CRRS), this paper adopts a stochastic frontier production function to measure farmers’ production efficiency and applies the endogenous switching model and the mediating effect model to examine the impact of agricultural productive services on farmers’ production efficiency and its underlying mechanisms. Results show that agricultural productive services significantly promote farmers’ production efficiency. The average production efficiency of farmers who purchased services had increased by 7.694%, while those who had not purchased services still had potential for improvement of 20.024%. Agricultural productive services enhance production efficiency by increasing farmers’ agricultural income and adjusting the planting structure toward grain production, with the total mediating effect of these two accounted for 61.09%. Further analysis indicates that the effects of agricultural productive services are more pronounced for households that have transferred land and for full-time farmers than for non-transfer households and migrant (part-time) farmer. From the perspective of production stages, the efficiency gains from purchasing services are greater in the harvest stages than in the cultivation stage. Accordingly, it is recommended to implement targeted subsidies and demonstration programs, strengthen income guidance, optimize planting structures, adopt differentiated support policies, and simultaneously upgrade service provision to maximize efficiency across the entire production chain.