Abstract: China is transitioning from a large agricultural country to an agricultural powerhouse. In the context of complex domestic and international environments, exploring the impact of production agglomeration on the resilience of the agricultural industry is crucial for enhancing agricultural resilience and accelerating the construction of an agricultural powerhouse. This study utilizes panel data from 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Xizang) from 2010 to 2021. It measures the resilience level of the agricultural industry using the entropy value method and empirically analyzes the relationship and impact mechanism of agricultural production agglomeration on agricultural resilience through mediation effect and panel quantile models. The findings reveal that: 1) agricultural production agglomeration significantly enhances agricultural industry resilience; 2) it promotes agricultural resilience by deepening rural human capital; and 3) as agricultural resilience improves, the positive effect of agricultural production agglomeration diminishes. Therefore, it is essential to leverage the advantages of large-scale production and specialized division of labor in agglomeration areas, increase investments in scientific research and talent acquisition, deepen rural human capital, and adhere to moderate development of agglomeration while continuously optimizing agricultural resource allocation.