Abstract: Exploring the effect and mechanism of high-standard farmland construction on the green and low-carbon development of agriculture can provide valuable reference for the sustainable development of agriculture. Based on a panel data of 31 provinces (excluding HongKong, Macao and Taiwan), this study explores the effects of high-standard farmland construction on agricultural green and low-carbon development and its possible transmission paths by a two-way fixed-effects panel model and the super-efficient SBM-GML model that includes undesired outputs. Results show that: 1) the construction of high-standard farmland can significantly promote the green and low-carbon development of agriculture, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests. 2) The results of the mechanism test show that the construction of high-standard farmland mainly helps the green and low-carbon development of agriculture by improving the quality of land resources and promoting the use of agricultural socialized services, and the scale operation of agriculture plays a positive moderating role in the process of the construction of high-standard farmland to help the green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture. 3) Heterogeneity analysis indicates that the construction of high-standard farmland has a significant positive impact on the green and low-carbon development of agriculture in the main grain-producing regions in the east and center of China, while the effect on the western region and non-main grain-producing regions is not obvious. Accordingly, this paper puts forward some policy recommendations, including continuously strengthening the construction of high-standard farmland fully stimulating the potential of paths, and building interregional linkage development mechanisms.